The intense heat wave affecting many parts of Nigeria has brought forth a new source of health concern for many residents following the outbreak of meningitis.
So far, nearly 26 deaths have been confirmed in the country with dozens of other cases documented by authorities following the outbreak in two states, Kebbi and Sokoto.
A doctor at Specialist Hospital in Sokoto, Dr Abdul Aliyu explains the cause of the disease and advises people on how to protect themselves and their loved ones.
“Meningitis occurs when the lining around the brain and spinal cord, called the meninges, becomes inflamed. The condition can be caused by several factors, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, with bacterial meningitis being the most dangerous.”
Dr. Aliyu explains that bacterial meningitis can progress rapidly and can be fatal within 24 hours if not treated.
“This makes it crucial for individuals to act fast if they notice early symptoms, which may include fever, vomiting, headache, and fatigue.”
Meningococcal bacteria, responsible for the distinctive meningitis rash, is one of the primary causes of the disease. The bacteria spread through close contact—such as kissing, sneezing, or coughing—and can be transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets.
“Living in close quarters, such as dormitories or crowded spaces, increases the risk of transmission,” he warned.
“In addition to bacteria, viral infections, and, less commonly, fungal and parasitic infections can also lead to meningitis. While these infections may not be as rapidly fatal as bacterial meningitis, they still pose significant health risks, making prevention and early treatment key.”
But he warns that meningitis is not alone in its danger.
“Septicaemia, commonly known as blood poisoning or sepsis, often accompanies meningitis.
“Septicaemia is a result of bacteria entering the bloodstream and triggering an overwhelming infection response, which can lead to organ failure, tissue damage, and even death.”
Spotting the red flags
Meningitis affects people in different ways, so the symptoms might not always follow a predictable pattern.
According to Dr. Aliyu, the most common early symptoms include fever, headache, vomiting, and feeling generally unwell.
Limb pain, pale skin, and cold extremities often show up even before a rash or more severe symptoms like neck stiffness and confusion appear.
While the physical symptoms are alarming, he also warns about the significant mental impact of the disease.
“Mental confusion, irritability, and sensitivity to light (phonophobia) are common signs. In more severe cases, people may experience a bulging fontanelle (in infants), poor feeding, and fast breathing.”
Key to surviving meningitis
Dr. Aliyu’s message is clear: early detection, vaccination, and awareness are the best defenses against these potentially deadly diseases.
“If any of the symptoms appear, seeking medical help immediately is the most critical step. Early intervention can make the difference between life and death, as timely treatment can prevent the condition from progressing to its most severe stages.
“In Sokoto, as elsewhere, where the combination of environmental and social factors can heighten the risks, it is more important than ever to stay informed, get vaccinated, and seek medical help at the first signs of illness. The fight against meningitis is ongoing, but with the right knowledge and swift action, it is a fight that can be won.”
Dr. Aliyu further stressed the role of the environment in the spread of meningitis, especially in places like Sokoto, where hot and dry weather can exacerbate symptoms.
He explained that high temperatures combined with a lack of vaccination increase the likelihood of people developing severe symptoms, such as headaches and heatstroke, which can worsen the effects of meningitis.
“Poor ventilation in crowded areas, coupled with insufficient vaccination coverage, creates the perfect storm for an outbreak.”
While the risk of meningitis cannot always be avoided, vaccination remains one of the most effective methods of prevention.
Dr. Aliyu stressed that vaccinating individuals, especially in high-risk areas like Sokoto, could significantly reduce the incidence of meningitis and septicaemia.
