A World Bank report says officially recorded remittance flows to low- and middle-income countries reached $540 billion in 2020, 1.6 per cent below the 2019 total of $548 billion.
The report which is titled ‘Migration and Development Brief’ released in Washington D.C. on Wednesday provides updates on global trends in migration and remittances.
It said that in spite of COVID-19, remittance flows remained resilient in 2020, registering a smaller decline than previously projected.
“The decline in recorded remittance flows in 2020 was smaller than the one during the 2009 global financial crisis at 4.8 per cent.
“It was also far lower than the fall in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows to low- and middle-income countries, which, excluding flows to China, fell by over 30 per cent in 2020.
“As a result, remittance flows to low- and middle-income countries surpassed the sum of FDI of $259 billion and overseas development assistance of $179 dollars in 2020.”
The brief said that the main drivers for the steady flow included fiscal stimulus that resulted in better-than-expected economic conditions in host countries and a shift in flows from cash to digital and from informal to formal channels.
It added that cyclical movements in oil prices and currency exchange rates were also responsible.
According to it, the true size of remittances, which includes formal and informal flows, is believed to be larger than officially reported data, though the extent of the impact of COVID-19 on informal flows is unclear.
It also said that with global growth expected to rebound further in 2021 and 2022, remittance flows to low- and middle-income countries were expected to increase by 2.6 per cent to $553 billion in 2021 and by 2.2 per cent to $565 billion in 2022.
It said that the relatively strong performance of remittance flows during the COVID-19 crisis also highlighted the importance of timely availability of data.
“Given its growing significance as a source of external financing for low- and middle-income countries, there is a need for better collection of data on remittances, in terms of frequency, timely reporting and granularity by corridor and channel.”
Highlighting regions, it said that remittance inflows rose in Latin America and the Caribbean with a record of 6.5 per cent, South Asia 5.2 per cent and the Middle East and North Africa 2.3 per cent.
However, remittance flows fell for East Asia and the Pacific which recorded 7.9 per cent, while for Europe and Central Asia 9.7 per cent was recorded.
For Sub-Saharan Africa, it said that a 27.7 per cent decline in remittance flows to Nigeria in 2020 resulted in decline of remittances by 12.5 per cent to Sub-Saharan Africa to $42 billion.
It said that Nigeria alone accounted for over 40 per cent of remittance flows to the region.
It however, said that excluding Nigeria, remittance flows to Sub-Saharan Africa increased by 2.3 per cent.
“Remittance growth was reported in Zambia at 37 per cent, Mozambique 16 per cent, Kenya nine per cent and Ghana five per cent.
“In 2021, remittance flows to the region are projected to rise by 2.6 per cent, supported by improving prospects for growth in high-income countries.”
The brief added that for remittance costs, the region remained the most expensive to send money to, where sending $200 costs an average of 8.2 per cent in the fourth quarter of 2020.
It added that supporting the remittance infrastructure and keeping remittances flowing includes efforts to lower fees.
The World Bank also said it was assisting member states in monitoring the flow of remittances through various channels, the costs and convenience of sending money and regulations to protect financial integrity that affect remittance flows.
It added that it was working with the G20 countries and the global community to reduce remittance costs and improve financial inclusion for the poor.
It said that even as many high-income nations had made significant progress in vaccinating their populations, infections were still high in several large developing economies and the outlook for remittances remained uncertain.
Michal Rutkowski, Global Director of the Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice at the World Bank said that as COVID-19 still devastates families around the world, remittances continue to provide a critical lifeline for the poor and vulnerable.
“Supportive policy responses, together with national social protection systems, should continue to be inclusive of all communities, including migrants.”
Dilip Ratha, lead author of the report and head of the global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD) said that the resilience of remittance flows was remarkable.
He added that remittances were helping to meet families’ increased need for livelihood support.
“They can no longer be treated as small change. The World Bank has been monitoring migration and remittance flows for nearly two decades and we are working with governments and partners to produce timely data and make remittance flows even more productive.”
