By Rose Gidado, PhD.
In an interesting turn of events, Burkina Faso’s recently fiasco over Bt. cotton fibre length – and the decision by cotton companies to slow adoption while the issue is being resolved – is being interpreted differently in the region. Most francophone countries envy the tremendous success Burkina Faso has experienced. Yields and farmers’ incomes have risen, chemical use is down, and cotton and cottonseed oil have become major exports.
Delegations from neighbouring Benin and Togo have visited Burkina to see for themselves how Bt. cotton has transformed the economy. Participants included farmers, government officials, members of parliament, and textile industry representatives. Their mission: to see first-hand the impact of Bt. cotton in Burkina Faso as a first step towards the eventual adoption of policies allowing its cultivation within their own borders.
Anglophone and Francophone countries in West Africa – most notably Ghana and Burkina Faso – are also exploring how best to engage with the technology. Nigeria, whose earnings from the oil sector continue to drop sharply, is seriously considering the adoption of Bt. cotton.
In the corridors of power, the need to wean the country on reliance on petro-dollars is well established. Most decision makers feel the technology challenges Burkina Faso is facing have been exaggerated by anti-GM activists. The country is unequivocal that the Agricultural Transformation Agenda must include the adoption of biotechnology; more specifically, the country sees Bt. cotton as a viable way of engaging with the technology and technology providers.
Alhaji Salman Abdullahi, the Chairman Cotton Ginners Association (CGA) says adoption of Bt. cotton should be part of the strategy to mitigate the effects of climate change. Another organization, the Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC), an agency under the Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, is concerned with the current dwindling status of cotton production in Nigeria and sees Bt. cotton as a viable answer. The Agency says in the textile sector – 26 out of 52 ginneries are currently operational; 34 out of 184 Textile Mills are operational and all of which operates at 30% installed capacity and contributes 25 percent of GDP in addition to providing well over 700,000 jobs, next only to government.
While the Director General/CEO, the Nigerian Textile Manufacturers Association (NTMA), Mr. Hamman Kwajaffa, says lack of confidence by participants across the cotton value chain over the years restricted the much-needed investments. The Association says cotton farming in Nigeria over the years has suffered because the opportunity cost of planting cotton has remained high. Cotton does not compete favourably against other lower risk crops and this has led to a dwindling of farmers involved in cultivating the crop over time.
The Association sees Bt. cotton as a real solution because seed quality remains a problem, affecting yield and by implication farmers’ income and motivation to cultivate. The prevalence of pests which leads to increased expenses in pesticides, unnecessarily high cost of inputs also demotivates farmers.
The cotton sector is a potential key contributor to the economy especially now that the government is exploring non-oil revenue options to boost public finance. Bt. cotton provides an opportunity to revive the cotton industry, which has a high potential for added value generation from raw material to, finished goods and is a major employer of urban and rural populations.
A major public policy issue in West Africa is not whether, but how to introduce Bt.-cotton in the region. Analyst argues that the implications of non-adoption may be more significant than previously thought. Liborio S. Cabanilla, Tahirou Abdoulaye and John H. Sanders, in a paper on The economic cost of non-adoption of Bt.-cotton in West Africa point out that there are significant farm-level benefits. They say “aggregate benefits depend on adoption rate and yield advantage of Bt.-cotton. These range from a low of US$7 million to a high of US$67 million in Mali; US$4 million to US$41 million in Burkina Faso; US$5 million to US$52 million in Benin; US$4 million to US$38 million in Cote d’Ivoire; and, US$1 million to US$7 million in Senegal.” They say that non-adoption of Bt.-cotton in the region will ultimately result in non-competitiveness in the world market.
Although the writers focus on francophone Africa, their argument holds weight across West African countries where cotton is a primary export crop and a major source of cash income among millions of resource-poor farmers. In Nigeria for example, the economic benefits from Bt. cotton are expected to be high. The technology would enable Nigeria and the region minimise the risk of revenue loss from insect damage faced by farmers who are also constantly subjected to harsh environmental conditions.
Bt. cotton was first introduced for commercial adoption in 1996. To date developing countries such as China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Burkina Faso, Sudan and South Africa – as well as the USA and Australia – have planted Bt. cotton on a commercial scale.
Nigeria’s adoption of Bt. cotton would fast track the harmonisation of legislation in ECOWAS, which covers all 15 countries of West Africa. A smaller grouping of francophone countries, WAEMU, is already helping members harmonise national biosafety legislations. An alignment of ECOWAS and WAEMU position on biotechnology would drastically improve the investment climate in the region, reading to an upsurge of investments in the agricultural sector. This is the leadership Nigeria hopes to provide.
Rose Gidado, PhD, is the Coordinator of the Open Forum for Biotechnology (OFAB) in Nigeria and an Assistant Director at the National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA)
